A Comparison of the Knight and the Squire in Chaucers the...

In the medieval period that is described by Chaucers Canterbury Tales, chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a true gentleman. This quality is explored in Chaucers two characters of the warrior class, the Knight and the Squire. The squire is the son of the Knight; both ride gallantly and have the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two are very dissimilar despite their appearances. The Knight possesses the true qualities of chivalry, devotion to service, constancy in humility, and honesty. The Squire possesses none of these qualities truly; instead his demeanor is one that is less honorable and virtuous. Although both claim the same vocation, the Squire and the Knight display contradicting attitudes†¦show more content†¦The Knights manner of speech also supports this: And though so much distinguished, he was wise And in his bearing as modest as a maid. He never yet a boorish thing had said In all his life to any, come what might; He was a true, a perfect gentle-knight. (5) Chaucer already summarizes the characteristics of the Knight as making up a perfect gentle-knight, and the many tales of courage add more credibility to Chaucers summary. The knights behavior was as modest as a maid (5). This is contrary to the lad of fire and although the Squire had wonderful strength and agility, he did not use it to the full extent that his father used his own. In all aspects, in comparison with his own contradictory behavior, and in comparison with the Knights behavior, the Squire is shown to be less than sincere in his chivalry. The Knight and the Squire have distinctly different attitudes towards their vocation. As a result, they are complementing images of the medieval warrior. The Knight is the romantic image that all true knights aspire to, generously practicing such chivalrous qualities as dedication, humility, and sincerity. Contrasting this, however, is the image depicted by the Squire, that of an imperfect knight who was to some degree boastful, lusting, or superficial. The Squire was never directly criticized by Chaucer, but the implications that resulted from the description amounted to an extravagant, un-chivalrousShow MoreRelated Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Chivalry by the Knight and the Squire1480 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent Perspectives of Chivalry by the Knight and the Squire in Canterbury Tales  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the medieval period that is described by Chaucers Canterbury Tales, chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a true Christian gentleman. This quality is explored in Chaucers two characters of the warrior class, the Knight and the Squire. The Squire is in fact the son of the Knight; both ride gallantly and have the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two are very dissimilar despiteRead More A Comparison Of The Knight And The Squire In Chaucers The Canterbury1215 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribed by Chaucers Canterbury Tales, chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a true gentleman. This quality is explored in Chaucers two characters of the warrior class, the Knight and the Squire. The squire is the son of the Knight; both ride gallantly and have the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two are very dissimilar despite their appearances. The Knight possesses the true qualities of chivalry, devotion to service, constancy in humility, and honesty. The Squire possessesRead MoreKnight And Squire In The Canterbury Tales Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales were written by Geoffrey Chaucer the 1300s, and told the story of twenty-nine travelers making a pilgrimage to Canterbury, England. The pilgrims wished to visit the relics of Saint Thomas Becket, in the Canterbury Cathedral. In the prologue, the narrator depicts each character and their demeanor. Two particular characters in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the Knight and Squire, help to exemplify the idea that wisdom and respect come with experience and age. The Knight’s wisdom andRead MoreLearning About Medieval Life and Society from Chaucers General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales1224 Words   |  5 PagesLearning About Medieval Life and Society from Chaucers General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales I have been studying Geoffrey Chaucers General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, of which I looked specifically at six portraits, these being: the Knight, his son, a young squire, the prioress, the wife of Bath, the Miller and the Pardoner. From these portraits I was able to observe the ways of life and society in medieval times. I found out about social status, fashion, wealthRead MoreEssay on Chaucers Concept of `The Good Man1072 Words   |  5 Pagesluxury of the laity. His `Canterbury Tales can be called an estates satire, in which the people belonging to the different layers of the class are satirized. As Chaucer himself belonged to the middle class and therefore he has chosen for his theme the portraits of people from the upper middle class and downwards. He has not chosen the very rich or the very poor as they could not be represented with realism as pilgrims on the way to the shrine of Thomas `a Beckett in Canterbury. The General PrologueRead More The Squires Tale Essay2386 Words   |  10 Pagesyoung Squires attempt at a courtly romance and says that he wishes his own son was more like the Squire.   This is followed by the wordes of the Hoost to the Frankeleyn.   Many critics believe that the words of the Franklin to the Squire are intended as an interruption of the tale that threatens to go on far too long.   However, I believe the words of the Franklin to the Squire were not meant to be an interruption at all.   There are four main reasons why I believe the passageRead MoreCanterbury Tales And Beowulf Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe stories of Beowulf and The Canterbury Tales are two that have been compared for centuries. Based in two different time periods, both novels describe religion, loyalty, and distinguish social classes through characters. In the novel Beowulf, the character Beowulf is known as the â€Å"hero of all heroes,† strong, courageous, and a warrior who is willing to risk his life for his ideals. In The Canterbury Tales, there are twenty-four tales describing characters from a knight to a monk’s tale. As the storiesRead MoreQuestions Macbeth Essay3342 Words   |  14 Pagesseason that is described in the opening passage of The Canterbury Tales is spring. According to the narrator, when the season comes the people long to go on pilgrammages. 2) English people want to go down to Canterbury to seek the holy martyr, St. Thomas a Becket. 3) The narrator claims he meets some twenty nine pilgrims. 4) The Knight has fought in Alexandria, Prussia, Lithuania, Granada, North Africa, and Anatolia. 5) If the Knight beats his opponents in the tournament ring, he killsRead MoreEssay about Chaucers Canterbury Tales2379 Words   |  10 PagesChaucers Canterbury Tales After reading explications of Chaucers Canterbury Tales, a student is likely to come away with the impression that the Franklin is the critics favorite punching bag. To the average reader in the modern English-speaking world, the Franklin comes across as surprisingly fair-minded and level-headed, noteworthy as the man kind and inventive enough to resolve the marriage cycle with a tale of decency and openness. The critics, however, often depict the Franklin as a manRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesor unusual image in which apparently dissimilar things are shown to have a relationship. The device was often used by the metaphysical poets, who fashioned conceits that were witty, complex, intellectual, and often startling, e.g., John Donnes comparison of two souls with two bullets in â€Å"The Dissolution.† 17. conflict: a struggle between two opposing forces in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. 18. connotation: all the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse; what

A Comparison of the Knight and the Squire in Chaucers the...

In the medieval period that is described by Chaucers Canterbury Tales, chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a true gentleman. This quality is explored in Chaucers two characters of the warrior class, the Knight and the Squire. The squire is the son of the Knight; both ride gallantly and have the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two are very dissimilar despite their appearances. The Knight possesses the true qualities of chivalry, devotion to service, constancy in humility, and honesty. The Squire possesses none of these qualities truly; instead his demeanor is one that is less honorable and virtuous. Although both claim the same vocation, the Squire and the Knight display contradicting attitudes†¦show more content†¦The Knights manner of speech also supports this: And though so much distinguished, he was wise And in his bearing as modest as a maid. He never yet a boorish thing had said In all his life to any, come what might; He was a true, a perfect gentle-knight. (5) Chaucer already summarizes the characteristics of the Knight as making up a perfect gentle-knight, and the many tales of courage add more credibility to Chaucers summary. The knights behavior was as modest as a maid (5). This is contrary to the lad of fire and although the Squire had wonderful strength and agility, he did not use it to the full extent that his father used his own. In all aspects, in comparison with his own contradictory behavior, and in comparison with the Knights behavior, the Squire is shown to be less than sincere in his chivalry. The Knight and the Squire have distinctly different attitudes towards their vocation. As a result, they are complementing images of the medieval warrior. The Knight is the romantic image that all true knights aspire to, generously practicing such chivalrous qualities as dedication, humility, and sincerity. Contrasting this, however, is the image depicted by the Squire, that of an imperfect knight who was to some degree boastful, lusting, or superficial. The Squire was never directly criticized by Chaucer, but the implications that resulted from the description amounted to an extravagant, un-chivalrousShow MoreRelated Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Chivalry by the Knight and the Squire1480 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent Perspectives of Chivalry by the Knight and the Squire in Canterbury Tales  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the medieval period that is described by Chaucers Canterbury Tales, chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a true Christian gentleman. This quality is explored in Chaucers two characters of the warrior class, the Knight and the Squire. The Squire is in fact the son of the Knight; both ride gallantly and have the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two are very dissimilar despiteRead More A Comparison Of The Knight And The Squire In Chaucers The Canterbury1215 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribed by Chaucers Canterbury Tales, chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a true gentleman. This quality is explored in Chaucers two characters of the warrior class, the Knight and the Squire. The squire is the son of the Knight; both ride gallantly and have the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two are very dissimilar despite their appearances. The Knight possesses the true qualities of chivalry, devotion to service, constancy in humility, and honesty. The Squire possessesRead MoreKnight And Squire In The Canterbury Tales Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales were written by Geoffrey Chaucer the 1300s, and told the story of twenty-nine travelers making a pilgrimage to Canterbury, England. The pilgrims wished to visit the relics of Saint Thomas Becket, in the Canterbury Cathedral. In the prologue, the narrator depicts each character and their demeanor. Two particular characters in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the Knight and Squire, help to exemplify the idea that wisdom and respect come with experience and age. The Knight’s wisdom andRead MoreLearning About Medieval Life and Society from Chaucers General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales1224 Words   |  5 PagesLearning About Medieval Life and Society from Chaucers General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales I have been studying Geoffrey Chaucers General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, of which I looked specifically at six portraits, these being: the Knight, his son, a young squire, the prioress, the wife of Bath, the Miller and the Pardoner. From these portraits I was able to observe the ways of life and society in medieval times. I found out about social status, fashion, wealthRead MoreEssay on Chaucers Concept of `The Good Man1072 Words   |  5 Pagesluxury of the laity. His `Canterbury Tales can be called an estates satire, in which the people belonging to the different layers of the class are satirized. As Chaucer himself belonged to the middle class and therefore he has chosen for his theme the portraits of people from the upper middle class and downwards. He has not chosen the very rich or the very poor as they could not be represented with realism as pilgrims on the way to the shrine of Thomas `a Beckett in Canterbury. The General PrologueRead More The Squires Tale Essay2386 Words   |  10 Pagesyoung Squires attempt at a courtly romance and says that he wishes his own son was more like the Squire.   This is followed by the wordes of the Hoost to the Frankeleyn.   Many critics believe that the words of the Franklin to the Squire are intended as an interruption of the tale that threatens to go on far too long.   However, I believe the words of the Franklin to the Squire were not meant to be an interruption at all.   There are four main reasons why I believe the passageRead MoreCanterbury Tales And Beowulf Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe stories of Beowulf and The Canterbury Tales are two that have been compared for centuries. Based in two different time periods, both novels describe religion, loyalty, and distinguish social classes through characters. In the novel Beowulf, the character Beowulf is known as the â€Å"hero of all heroes,† strong, courageous, and a warrior who is willing to risk his life for his ideals. In The Canterbury Tales, there are twenty-four tales describing characters from a knight to a monk’s tale. As the storiesRead MoreQuestions Macbeth Essay3342 Words   |  14 Pagesseason that is described in the opening passage of The Canterbury Tales is spring. According to the narrator, when the season comes the people long to go on pilgrammages. 2) English people want to go down to Canterbury to seek the holy martyr, St. Thomas a Becket. 3) The narrator claims he meets some twenty nine pilgrims. 4) The Knight has fought in Alexandria, Prussia, Lithuania, Granada, North Africa, and Anatolia. 5) If the Knight beats his opponents in the tournament ring, he killsRead MoreEssay about Chaucers Canterbury Tales2379 Words   |  10 PagesChaucers Canterbury Tales After reading explications of Chaucers Canterbury Tales, a student is likely to come away with the impression that the Franklin is the critics favorite punching bag. To the average reader in the modern English-speaking world, the Franklin comes across as surprisingly fair-minded and level-headed, noteworthy as the man kind and inventive enough to resolve the marriage cycle with a tale of decency and openness. The critics, however, often depict the Franklin as a manRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesor unusual image in which apparently dissimilar things are shown to have a relationship. The device was often used by the metaphysical poets, who fashioned conceits that were witty, complex, intellectual, and often startling, e.g., John Donnes comparison of two souls with two bullets in â€Å"The Dissolution.† 17. conflict: a struggle between two opposing forces in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. 18. connotation: all the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse; what

A Comparison of the Knight and the Squire in Chaucers the...

In the medieval period that is described by Chaucers Canterbury Tales, chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a true gentleman. This quality is explored in Chaucers two characters of the warrior class, the Knight and the Squire. The squire is the son of the Knight; both ride gallantly and have the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two are very dissimilar despite their appearances. The Knight possesses the true qualities of chivalry, devotion to service, constancy in humility, and honesty. The Squire possesses none of these qualities truly; instead his demeanor is one that is less honorable and virtuous. Although both claim the same vocation, the Squire and the Knight display contradicting attitudes†¦show more content†¦The Knights manner of speech also supports this: And though so much distinguished, he was wise And in his bearing as modest as a maid. He never yet a boorish thing had said In all his life to any, come what might; He was a true, a perfect gentle-knight. (5) Chaucer already summarizes the characteristics of the Knight as making up a perfect gentle-knight, and the many tales of courage add more credibility to Chaucers summary. The knights behavior was as modest as a maid (5). This is contrary to the lad of fire and although the Squire had wonderful strength and agility, he did not use it to the full extent that his father used his own. In all aspects, in comparison with his own contradictory behavior, and in comparison with the Knights behavior, the Squire is shown to be less than sincere in his chivalry. The Knight and the Squire have distinctly different attitudes towards their vocation. As a result, they are complementing images of the medieval warrior. The Knight is the romantic image that all true knights aspire to, generously practicing such chivalrous qualities as dedication, humility, and sincerity. Contrasting this, however, is the image depicted by the Squire, that of an imperfect knight who was to some degree boastful, lusting, or superficial. The Squire was never directly criticized by Chaucer, but the implications that resulted from the description amounted to an extravagant, un-chivalrousShow MoreRelated Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Chivalry by the Knight and the Squire1480 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent Perspectives of Chivalry by the Knight and the Squire in Canterbury Tales  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the medieval period that is described by Chaucers Canterbury Tales, chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a true Christian gentleman. This quality is explored in Chaucers two characters of the warrior class, the Knight and the Squire. The Squire is in fact the son of the Knight; both ride gallantly and have the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two are very dissimilar despiteRead More A Comparison Of The Knight And The Squire In Chaucers The Canterbury1215 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribed by Chaucers Canterbury Tales, chivalry was perhaps the most recognized quality of a true gentleman. This quality is explored in Chaucers two characters of the warrior class, the Knight and the Squire. The squire is the son of the Knight; both ride gallantly and have the air of true gentleman warriors. However, the two are very dissimilar despite their appearances. The Knight possesses the true qualities of chivalry, devotion to service, constancy in humility, and honesty. The Squire possessesRead MoreKnight And Squire In The Canterbury Tales Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales were written by Geoffrey Chaucer the 1300s, and told the story of twenty-nine travelers making a pilgrimage to Canterbury, England. The pilgrims wished to visit the relics of Saint Thomas Becket, in the Canterbury Cathedral. In the prologue, the narrator depicts each character and their demeanor. Two particular characters in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the Knight and Squire, help to exemplify the idea that wisdom and respect come with experience and age. The Knight’s wisdom andRead MoreLearning About Medieval Life and Society from Chaucers General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales1224 Words   |  5 PagesLearning About Medieval Life and Society from Chaucers General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales I have been studying Geoffrey Chaucers General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, of which I looked specifically at six portraits, these being: the Knight, his son, a young squire, the prioress, the wife of Bath, the Miller and the Pardoner. From these portraits I was able to observe the ways of life and society in medieval times. I found out about social status, fashion, wealthRead MoreEssay on Chaucers Concept of `The Good Man1072 Words   |  5 Pagesluxury of the laity. His `Canterbury Tales can be called an estates satire, in which the people belonging to the different layers of the class are satirized. As Chaucer himself belonged to the middle class and therefore he has chosen for his theme the portraits of people from the upper middle class and downwards. He has not chosen the very rich or the very poor as they could not be represented with realism as pilgrims on the way to the shrine of Thomas `a Beckett in Canterbury. The General PrologueRead More The Squires Tale Essay2386 Words   |  10 Pagesyoung Squires attempt at a courtly romance and says that he wishes his own son was more like the Squire.   This is followed by the wordes of the Hoost to the Frankeleyn.   Many critics believe that the words of the Franklin to the Squire are intended as an interruption of the tale that threatens to go on far too long.   However, I believe the words of the Franklin to the Squire were not meant to be an interruption at all.   There are four main reasons why I believe the passageRead MoreCanterbury Tales And Beowulf Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe stories of Beowulf and The Canterbury Tales are two that have been compared for centuries. Based in two different time periods, both novels describe religion, loyalty, and distinguish social classes through characters. In the novel Beowulf, the character Beowulf is known as the â€Å"hero of all heroes,† strong, courageous, and a warrior who is willing to risk his life for his ideals. In The Canterbury Tales, there are twenty-four tales describing characters from a knight to a monk’s tale. As the storiesRead MoreQuestions Macbeth Essay3342 Words   |  14 Pagesseason that is described in the opening passage of The Canterbury Tales is spring. According to the narrator, when the season comes the people long to go on pilgrammages. 2) English people want to go down to Canterbury to seek the holy martyr, St. Thomas a Becket. 3) The narrator claims he meets some twenty nine pilgrims. 4) The Knight has fought in Alexandria, Prussia, Lithuania, Granada, North Africa, and Anatolia. 5) If the Knight beats his opponents in the tournament ring, he killsRead MoreEssay about Chaucers Canterbury Tales2379 Words   |  10 PagesChaucers Canterbury Tales After reading explications of Chaucers Canterbury Tales, a student is likely to come away with the impression that the Franklin is the critics favorite punching bag. To the average reader in the modern English-speaking world, the Franklin comes across as surprisingly fair-minded and level-headed, noteworthy as the man kind and inventive enough to resolve the marriage cycle with a tale of decency and openness. The critics, however, often depict the Franklin as a manRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesor unusual image in which apparently dissimilar things are shown to have a relationship. The device was often used by the metaphysical poets, who fashioned conceits that were witty, complex, intellectual, and often startling, e.g., John Donnes comparison of two souls with two bullets in â€Å"The Dissolution.† 17. conflict: a struggle between two opposing forces in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. 18. connotation: all the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse; what

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Parts of Term Paper

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Political Origins of Health Inequity †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Political Origins of Health Inequity. Answer: Introduction: The world is changing and so is global environment for different kinds of businesses. There are many global factors that are impacting the health care settings all around the world (Ginter, Duncan Swayne, 2018). It has a severe impact on then operations of the health care setting. Health care units have to make sure that they have a plan for facing these challenges. Many of the companies in the health industry had been hard hit by these environmental factors. It is crucial that a company understand the impact of each factor on the operations of the company as well as on their performance. It is crucial for the company to understand their position in the global market and ways in which its adverse effect can be eliminated. There are various examples where the impact of environmental factors on the operations of the firm can be clearly noticed. In the larger context it can understood that there are various issues present in the health industry along with the several kinds of opportuni ties. It is important for the firms to make sure that they tackle these issues and grab opportunities available with them. External factors affecting the health industry Political environment all around the world has changed. These changes had large effects on the operations of the firm. Even when the governments are trying very hard for making the health condition of their country better they are failing to do so. In most part of the world accept few of the developed nation government are trying to privatise the health care units (Ottersen, Dasgupta, Blouin, Buss, Chongsuvivatwong, Frenk ... Leaning, 2014). The laws regarding the medical practices have tightened. This has forced the companies to make changes in their operations as per the demand of the market. It can be easily seen in the case of NHS which is till now providing free services while the government is planning to take charges for the medical facilities. U.S.A government released the Obama care insurance policy which was for larger part of the USA population. In India government is launching ayush care scheme that provides insurance to around 500 million people. This has provided oppor tunities to the private organisations as this will encourage people to go for the medical facilities offered by the private organisation as certainly they are better. In many parts of the world governments have been ignorant towards developing the health care facilities as per the requirement. Social democratic nations like Austria, Denmark, Sweden etc. they have invested larger part of their tax collection in public health services. This is also due to the fact that they have more social equality in their countries and their financial social inclusion policies have been pro-people. On the other side Christian democratic nations like Netherland, Germany, France, Italy has a population which is more heterogeneous class base and hence they have been reluctant in their high investments towards health care facilities (Muntaner, Borrell, Ng, Chung, Espelt, Rodriguez?Sanz ... OCampo, 2011). Whereas the liberal nations like UK, USA, Canada etc. are been driven by the capitalists and hence they have made lower investments on public health care facilities. Governments in many of the capitalist nations are providing medical Visa in the country so as to promote the health industry. Other than this it can be noticed that economies all around the world are shivering. There is a slowdown in the American economy while there is a constant slow decline in the European economy. This has forced the government to reduce their spending on the medical facilities (Ifanti, Argyriou, Kalofonou Kalofonos, 2013). Governments are reducing its share in the public health and giving the private partners to operate this. This has increased the cost of health facilities. Even the communist countries like Russia and China have adopted this kind of strategy. This has also helped medical insurance companies to sell their product on the larger scale. Recession in many parts of the world after the economic breakdown of 2009 has caused many kinds of job cuts. This is dangerous for the companies and the stakeholders associated with it as they need to make sure that they offer the best of services of the consumers. This is also loss in terms of talent to the firms. Insurance coverage for t he non-elderly unemployed workers is very low as the governments do not have financial strength to facilitate them with such facilities (Andersen, Rice Kominski, 2011). In many cases it can also be seen that even after the support provided by the World health organisation and UNO the condition of public health in the poor countries is extremely poor. This is due to the fact that the health companies are not interested in investing in any such country where the profit margins are not high. It is also to be taken care of the fact that for regenerating the public health establishments at these places very large amount of money is required. Technology has changed a lot in the health care industry. There are lot of innovations that are going on in the technology especially in terms of automation (Lorenzi Riley, 2013). Health care setting have to invest a lot in adopting these technologies. This has made the medical facilities all around the world more expensive. Artificial intelligence is the future off the intense medical facilities and hence it is the issue for the health organisations to incorporate it as the cost of affording this technology is very high. The worlds of health care facilities are moving towards the big data. This is due to the fact that there is large number of data that gets generated on the daily basis in healthy industry. It has become a challenge for the company to make sure that the data they have is stored in a more secured manner. Any leak to the information regarding the patients can be against the respect he has in the society. In order to check this ethical concern company needs to make sur e that they have an effective strategy for protecting such data (Buntin, Burke, Hoaglin Blumenthal, 2011). The challenge of safeguarding, utilising and accessing the big data at the required time is getting larger. Mobile apps and telehealth services have a very wide future in the modern day health industry and hence companies need to give proper care towards making it more patient friendly. Number of diseases in the society is increasing and so is the need of providing better medical facilities. The demand of the medical facilities is increasing at such a faster rate that government agencies are unable to provide them with proper care as per there requirement (Eriksson, 2011). This has also given chance to the health care units to expand their business even when their facilities are costly because people are ready to give everything for their health. One other dimension of the social environment effect on the health industry can be understood by the fact that there is a large disparity between the health facilities in one part of the world and others. The developed nations like America and UK have an excellent medical infrastructure while the poor nations like the countries of Africa is not even having the basic facilities for their population. Due to such disparity two things are happening; first the people in the lack of better medical care are dying or are facing hea vy challenges in leading their life. Second is that the people are migrating towards the countries having better facilities for their medical treatments. This is making the cash to flow towards the developed health care industries and the condition of the already weak medical care still remains the same. In the case of India it is seen that people from the European countries are coming to this country for their treatments due to cheaper medical facilities than theirs. While on the other side of the story the people of countries like Pakistan are moving towards the other nations for any kind of major operations. This is an issue for the local health industry and must be tackled with proper attention. In some parts of the world like the south East Asian countries the cost of the medicines are higher. Even the generic medicines are not available at lower rates. Conclusion On the concluding remark it can be said that various kinds of external factors such as politics, economics, technology and society have a higher impact on the health industry. This is a challenge for the health industry to reduce the negative impact that is posed by these factors. World is getting older and hence a better medical system is required throughout the world. This calls for the need to have high investments on the research for making health facilities cheaper. The negligence of the public health care facilities has provided a great opportunity for the private firms to have control over the market. The economic breakdowns have forced the governments to restrict from doing expenses on health industry. It is also advisable that companies in the health industry understands the changing health needs of the people and get ready for the challenges they have to face in the future. A more collaborative platform is required for making the health facilities even in all parts of the w orld since the disparities have increased the number of people going for health tourism. References Andersen, R. M., Rice, T. H., Kominski, G. F. (2011). Changing the US health care system: Key issues in health services policy and management. John Wiley Sons. Buntin, M. B., Burke, M. F., Hoaglin, M. C., Blumenthal, D. (2011). The benefits of health information technology: a review of the recent literature shows predominantly positive results. Health affairs, 30(3), 464-471. Eriksson, M. (2011). Social capital and healthimplications for health promotion. Global Health Action, 4(1), 5611. Ginter, P. M., Duncan, J., Swayne, L. E. (2018). The Strategic Management of Healthcare Organizations. John Wiley Sons. Ifanti, A. A., Argyriou, A. A., Kalofonou, F. H., Kalofonos, H. P. (2013). Financial crisis and austerity measures in Greece: their impact on health promotion policies and public health care. Health policy, 113(1), 8-12. Lorenzi, N. M., Riley, R. T. (2013). Organizational aspects of health informatics: managing technological change. Springer Science Business Media. Muntaner, C., Borrell, C., Ng, E., Chung, H., Espelt, A., Rodriguez?Sanz, M., ... OCampo, P. (2011). Politics, welfare regimes, and population health: controversies and evidence. Sociology of health illness, 33(6), 946-964. Ottersen, O. P., Dasgupta, J., Blouin, C., Buss, P., Chongsuvivatwong, V., Frenk, J., ... Leaning, J. (2014). The political origins of health inequity: prospects for change. The Lancet, 383(9917), 630-667.

The Rise of Gladiatorial Combat Essay Example For Students

The Rise of Gladiatorial Combat Essay Gladiatorial contests (munera gladitoria), hold a central place in our perception of Roman behavior. They were also a big influence on how Romans themselves ordered their lives.Attending the games was one of the practices that went with being a Roman. The Etruscans who introduced this type of contest in the sixth century BC, are credited with its development but its the Romans who made it famous. A surviving feature of the Roman games was when a gladiator fell he was hauled out of the arena by a slave dressed as the Etruscan death-demon Charun. The slave would carry a hammer which was the demons attribute. Moreover, the Latin term for a trainer-manager of gladiators (lanista), was believed to be an Etruscan word. (4:50) Gladiators of Ancient Rome lived their lives to the absolute fullest. We will write a custom essay on The Rise of Gladiatorial Combat specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Gladiatorial duels had originated from funeral games given in order to satisfy the dead mans need for blood, and for centuries their principle occasions were funerals. The first gladiatorial combats therefore, took place at the graves of those being honored, but once they became public spectacles they moved into amphitheaters. (2:83) As for the gladiators themselves, an aura of religious sacrifice continued to hang about their combats. Obviously most spectators just enjoyed the massacre without any remorseful reflections. Even ancient writers felt no pity, they were aware that gladiators had originated from these holocausts in honor of the dead. What was offered to appease the dead was counted as a funeral rite. It is called munus (a service) from being a service due. The ancients thought that by this sort of spectacle they rendered a service to the dead, after they had made it a more cultured form of cruelty. The belief was that the souls of the dead are appeased with human blood, t hey use to sacrifice captives or slaves of poor quality at funerals. Afterwards it seemed good to obscure their impiety by making it a pleasure. (6:170) So after the acquired person had been trained to fight as best they can, their training was to learn to be killed! For such reasons gladiators were sometimes known as bustuarii or funeral men. Throughout many centuries of Roman history, these commemorations of the dead were still among the principle occasions for such combats. Men writing their wills often made provisions for gladiatorial duels in connection with their funerals. Early in the first century AD, the people of Pollentia forcibly prevented the burial of an official, until his heirs had been compelled to provide money for a gladiators show. (1:174)It was in Campania and Lucania that the gladiatorial games came to their full development and took on their classical form. In these new surroundings they took root and flourished, as can be seen in fourth century BC, tomb paint ings. These pictures show helmeted gladiators carrying shields and lances, covered with wounds and dripping with blood. (2:84) For Rome a decisive moment in gladiatorial history was reached in 246 BC, the year when the first Punic War began. At the funeral of Brutus Pera, his two sons for the first time exhibited, in the cattle market, three simultaneous gladiatorial combats. By 216 BC the number of fights given on a single occasion had risen to twenty two.(14:16)In 105 BC the two consuls of the year made gladiatorial games official. There were no doubts of religious tendency, but the purpose of Roman spectacles, were a public display of power, that power was primarily military, and also to compensate the soft Greek culture which now was abroad. (8:98) The GladiatorsThose compelled to fight gladiator duels included prisoners of war, slaves and condemned criminals. Among them were numerous followers of the new Christian faith. During this time persecution fell heavily on their faith, many won immortal fame as martyrs. Fighting in the arena was one of the sentences earned by the sacrilege accused against members of the Christian religion because of their refusal to sacrifice to the emperor. It was written that these Christians were forced, as gladiatorial novices to run the gauntlet. At other times they were thrown to the wild beasts. Criminals that were used had committed crimes that carried a death sentence or harsh manual labor. The crimes which led to the arena were murder, treason, robbery and arson. Criminals sentenced to forced labor were often obliged to serve as gladiators, and were sentenced to three years of combat and two years in the schools. Sometimes penalties were differentiated according to social class, thus for certain crimes which in the case of slaves would involve execution, free men or freedmen (ex-slaves) were condemned to fight in the arena instead. This did not of course make them gladiators, unless they were trained first, as those req uired to provide this sort of sport not always were. And indeed as gladiators became more expensive in the second century AD the use of untrained criminals in the amphitheater increased.(7:537) Most gladiators, at Rome and elsewhere were slaves, but in addition there were always some free men who became gladiators because they wanted to. The profession was an alternative to being a social outcast. They were generally derived from the lowest ranking category of free persons, namely the freedman who had themselves been slaves or were the son of slaves. Free fighters were more sought after than slaves, presumably because they shower greater enthusiasm in the arena. Such a volunteer was offered a bonus if he survived the term of his contract, yet he still had to swear the terrible oath of submission to be burnt with fire, shackled with chains, whipped with rods and killed with steel like the rest of the gladiators. For the period of his engagement, he had become no more than a slave. (7 :539)Majestic Exhibitions and SchoolsThere seemed no end to public entertainments of one sort or another at Rome. First there were the regular functions. The number of days in each year given up to annual games and spectacles of one sort or another in the city was startlingly large, and increased continually. Already 66 in the time of Augustus, it had risen to 135 under Marcus Aurelius, and 175 or more in the fourth century. Gladiatorial amusement had become an essential feature of the services a ruler had to provide, in order to maintain his popularity and his job. Emperors themselves had to attend the shows. Emperors watching the shows were distinct, vulnerable, and subject to public pressures which could not be displayed elsewhere. That was why the games were not popular with a few rulers such as Marcus Aurelius. He directed that if a gladiator was freed as a result of popular outcry in the amphitheater the liberation was to be annulled. Aurelius found the sport boring and indeed he was unenthusiastic about Roman entertainment in general. (10:87)The teaching of gladiators was highly elaborate affair involving expertise appreciated by those members of the public who attended the games for something more than blood and thrills. Gladiators were trained at gladiator schools established during the late Republic at the time of Sulla 138-78 BC. (2:86) Novices practiced with wooden swords on a man of straw or a wooden post. The weapons used in more adept practice were heavier than those used in the arena. Discipline was severe, with ruthless punishments. The barracks they lived in were so low inmates could only sit or lie.(3:68) Breaking any rules was not tolerated and resulted in strict reprimanding: shackles, flogging or even death. (2:86) The main objective of the schools were to produce the best possible fighters for the arena, thus scrupulous attention was invested in gladiator health. Their schools were situated in favorable climates, and equipped with first class doctors. The schools were also provided with resident medical consultants to check the mens diet. Gladiators were called hordearii, barley men, because of the amount of barley that they ate, a muscle building food. (12:111)The Types of Gladiators From Republican times onward, foreign prisoners were made to fight with their own weapons and in their own styles. Many of these men, were merely prisoners herded into the arena, but various classes of professional gladiators likewise came from this category. Such, for example was the origin of the gladiators known as the Samnites. Generally regarded as the prototypes of all Romes gladiators, they are said to have come into existence after its Samnite enemies introduced a splendid new type of military equipment in 310 BC. Gladiators were ranked in different categories according to their fighting style and the type of weapon they used. These Samnites wore the heavy, magnificent armor of soldiers. It included a large shield (scutum), a leather or partly metal greave (ocrea) on the left leg, and a visored helmet (galea) with huge crests and plumes. To these were added sword (gladius) or lance (hasta), and the sleeve on the right arm which was part of a gladiators general equipment.(11:121) Sectores were armed with a sword and mace loaded with lead. Thraces carried a curved scimitar of varying shape, and a small square or round shield. Myrmilliones (Guals) carried a shield and a short scythe and wore a distinctive fish ornament on their helmets. The Retiarii were exceptionally uncovered, except sometimes for a head band. They carried a trident in one hand and a net in the other. Because the throwing of a net as a method of combat, was second rate the Retarii were inferior in status to the ranks, and thus had the worst living quarters. (2:86) The Myrmillo could fight against the Thracian or against the Retiarius or net fighter. But the principle opponent of the Retiarius was the Secutor.(12:109)The Procedure of the A renaGladiatorial shows were intensively promoted and advertised to raise public attention. Descriptions of upcoming contests, appeared on walls and on the grave stones beside main roads. The opening ceremonies began the day before the fights. It was then that the supporter of the show donated a splendid feast to the contestants about to appear on the following day. The proceedings of the murderous day began with a chariot drive and parade. Led and presented by the sponsor of the games. The gladiators displayed themselves in uniforms topped by cloaks dyed purple with gold embroidery. Climbing down their chariots, they marched around the arena, followed by slaves carrying their arms and armor. Gladiators, especially those who belonged to the emperors own troop, were often finely equipped. When the combatants arrived opposite the emperors platform, they extended their right hands towards him and cried Hail, emperor, greetings from men about to die! (Ave, imperator, morituri te salutant !) (7:538)The games often opened with a convicted criminal being thrown to a lion. The criminal was given a small sword, and if he could kill the lion his life was spared. Another way in which they opened the games was to tie the criminal to a pillar and lower him into a pit of hungry beasts. After these morbid killings took place, the animal events would take center stage. The most common of these fights would be a lion against bear. To make the beast ready for fighting they would starved the animals and poked them with sticks while in the cage.(5:17) These events were followed by a break, during this break Gladiatores Meridiane took place. This event consisted of a fully armed gladiator against an unarmed man. The object was simple, to kill your opponent, the winner went on to fight the next combatant. The overall winner was the person that was standing in the end.(2:88) The afternoon brought about the beginning of the gladiatorial events. Staged with a dramatic sense of climax, t he afternoon started with second rate displays that were bloodless. These mock fighters were called paegniarii.(1:176) After these mock battles came the real fights, the tamest of these would be the hand to hand combats with one opponent. However, most of the contests were worst, ranging from armed fighters against unarmed, two criminals versus a gladiator, and even a group of gladiators versus another group. .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .postImageUrl , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:hover , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:visited , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:active { border:0!important; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:active , .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165 .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua3b788fed9c9beb67b09950e3b000165:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Glass Ceiling EssayWhile the fighters were at grips, their trainers (lanista) stood beside them and hounded them on much like a modern boxers trainer would. Meanwhile the crowd shouted commands of their own including beat, kill and burn. When a man fell, the herald raised their trumpets, and spectators yelled Got him! Hes had it! (habet, hoc habet). The fallen fighter if he was in a state to move, laid down his shield, and raised one finger of his left hand for mercy. The decision whether his life should be spared, rested with the provider of the games, but he generally let the crowd make the decision. Thumbs up, and a waving of handkerchiefs, meant his life would be spare d, thumbs down and he would be killed without hesitation. While African boys raked over the bloodstained sand, fallen gladiators were taken away. A Charon would verify the gladiators death and finish him off it was necessary. The costumes of the Charon were designed to look like Mercury, divine guide of dead mens souls to the infernal regions.(10:167)If a fighters performance had not given satisfaction, or if he was a criminal whose survival was not desired, his life was sometimes risked again on the same day by orders for a repeat performance, against specially introduced understudies. When neither party won and both were spared, each was described as stans missus, and such a result was often recorded on inscriptions. The victorious gladiators were presented with palm branches as a prize, and in Greek lands of the Empire they were given a wreath or crown in addition or instead. Both palms and crowns are often shown on funeral monuments. The giver of the games also provided prize mo ney, according to scales stipulated in the gladiators contracts. (10:169)The Arenas In early times gladiators duels took place in whatever public places a town might posses. But then , under the emperors, the characteristic place for such a contest was the amphitheater. This was an oval auditorium surrounded by rows of seats facing on to the arena, as in modern bull rings, absorbing the blood of slaughtered men and beasts. The first permanent amphitheater known to us is not in Rome but in Campania, the country which inherited the gladiatorial games from Eturia and passed them on to the Romans. (13:225) The largest and most famous of all such buildings was initiated by the Flavian dynasty. Opened by Titus in AD 80, this Colosseum is one of the most marvelous buildings in the world. Its massive overall measurements are 187 by 155 meters, of which the space for the arena itself comprises 86 by 54 meters. There was accommodation for perhaps 45,000 sitting spectators and at least 5,000 m ore willing to stand. Underneath the arena is a labyrinth of passages for stage effects, pens for wild beasts, storage rooms and the mechanism by which scenery and other apparatus were hoisted into the arena. The emperors platform was at the center of one of the long sides, facing across to the portion of the auditorium reserved for magistrates and the holder of the games. There were also places for priests, who also attended these bloodthirsty sports. (13:227) The formula of the collosseum helped to mold renaissance styles. In the eight century they said that:As long as it stands,Rome will stand;when it falls, Rome will fall;when Rome falls, the world will fallThe colosseum has often been raided, but has never fallen. It has been made to serve many purposes, many of which are ironic. These have included sacred occasions, church services, and plays. Thus through all the depredation the colosseum has faced over the years inside and outside of the arena, this indestructible building s till towers over the city today. (13:230)The Gladiator in SocietyThe reputation of gladiators in the eyes of the public was curiously mixed. For one thing they were feared. Society was never able to forget for very long that the gladiators were a potential danger to society. So, of course were the masses of slaves in general, and that is why their crimes were so savagely punished, if one slaved murdered his master, the whole household had to die. But by training the gladiators they spared the rest of the slaves family, and forced him to fight for his life in front of the community he violated. Moreover their legal and moral position in the community was one of complete shame. When a gladiator was killed, his corpse was not permitted honorable to be buried, unless it was claimed by his family or a friend. (9:91)However there is ample proof of the admiration and indeed excitement that the gladiators aroused. Gladiators became so ingrained in the Roman mind and soul that they believed in superstitions that resulted from munera. It was believed that the warm blood of a slaughtered gladiator would cure epilepsy. When newly married women, parted their hair with a gladiators spear, it brought good luck if this had belonged to a man mortally wounded in the arena. (8:276) Gladiators were also seen highly upon by women, graffiti at the Pompeii amphitheater reveal that members of the profession were loved with the passionate infatuation which teenage females have for pop singers today.Although gladiators lived relatively short lives it was possible to win liberation and retire on receipt of the symbolical wooden sword (rudis). It was also noted that some ex-gladiators moved upwards into respectable smart circles of local bourgeoisies (9:96)Opposition and Abolition It was probably assumed that the munera would go on forever, and that nothing would stop their growth. With the rise of Christianity a religious presence lingered about such contests once again. The Roman rulin g classes began to view these contest with a favorable eye. The excuse of encouragement to warlike toughness continued to be put forward until the eve of the Middle Ages, although it started to become lame and inhumane. Another purpose present in the minds of Romes rulers was the desire that potentially unruly and dangerous city population should be amused and kept quiet. They should be given entertainment that they wanted, no matter how disgusting if might be. .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .postImageUrl , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:hover , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:visited , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:active { border:0!important; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:active , .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49 .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufe7de07517029ab2a063cc7f0f28bf49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business ethics EssayThe games gradually lost its original intentions and connections to the earlier funeral games. Once defenseless human beings are thrown to wild animals, the original purpose is lost, the purpose now is blood-thirsty spectators viewing inhumane, unjust executions. (2:87) The new religion however ended them for good. With the rise of emperor Constantine and Christianity came the fall of the gladiatorial spectacles. In AD 326, Constantine abolished gladiators games altogether. He also stated that all criminals who would have in the past have been enrolled for thegames must in the future be condemned to forced labor in the mines instead. By the end of the fourth century, gladiatorial shows had disappeared from the Eastern Empire. (2:87)Bibliography1. Cowell, F. Everyday Life in Ancient Rome. London: B.T Batsford Ltd., 1961. 2. Dining, M. A History of Physical Education: Ancient Rome. Toronto: Captus Press, 1987. 3. Grant, M. The World of Rome. London: Trinity Press, 1960. 4. Hopkins, K Murderous Games. History Today v33 16-22 1983. 5. Harris, H. Sport in Greece and Rome. New York: Cornell University Press, 1972. 6. Hopkins, K. Death and Renewal. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1983. 7. Jory, E Gladiators in the Theatre. Classical Quarterly v36 537-9 1986. 8. Koestler, A. The Gladiators. New York: Macmillan, 1947. 9. Scullard, H. Festival and Ceremonies of the Roman Empire. New York: Cornell University Press. 198110. Whyte-Mellville, G. A Tale of Rome and Judea The Gladiators. New York: Longmans Green, 1989. 11. Mattingly, H. Roman Imperial Civilization. London: Edward Arnold publication. 195912. Weirdmann, T. Emperors and Gladiators. London: Routledge Press, 199213. Yonah, M Illustrated Enclylopedia of the Classical World. New York: Harper and Roe Pub, 1975. 14. Wilkonson, L. The Roman Experience, Anchor Press, 1975. 15. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia, Softkey Multimedia, 1996.